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J. Matern. Gynecol. 27, 223232. Sci. (2021). Fetal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and necrotizing enterocolitis: the brain-gut connection begins in utero. 1993 Apr; 16(2):166-75. Cerebral modulation of the autonomic nervous system in term infants. A. Baroreceptor B. Catecholamine C. Sympathetic correct answerA. The fetal autonomic nervous system, the fetal heart rate and the beat-to-beat irregularity. 84, 433439. Obstet Gynecol. Social interactions, including skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborns, help increase ANS maturation as well as stress responsivity and circadian rhythms, in particular in preterm infants (Ulmer Yaniv et al., 2021). Early Hum. Am. Decelerations from cord compression can lead to severe hypoxemia and decelerations from uteroplacental insufficiency can be present without acidemia. Front. J. Obstet. Off. Psychosomatics and psychopathology: looking up and down from the brain. Perspect. Meas. 4445:101671. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2020.101671, Gale, C. R., Robinson, S. M., Harvey, N. C., Javaid, M. K., Jiang, B., Martyn, C. N., et al. 12, 170177. By 10 WGA, fetal circulation passively exchanges gas mainly with the placenta and breathing begins. Psychopathol. Summary of the finding of the present review regarding ANS development and HRV. These pathologies can dysregulate the neuroendocrine axis, altering, in particular, the cortisol production (Wilder, 1998; Sheng et al., 2020) and, thus, affecting sympathovagal balance development. Allergy Immunol. Coregulated approach to feeding preterm infants with lung disease: effects during feeding. Cardiac orienting to auditory stimulation in the fetus. Reprod. 6, 13-15 The parasympathetic component of the chemoreflex causes a rapid decrease in heart rate to lessen cardiac work and its oxygen need. J. Obstet. Front. Fetal heart rates decelerated rapidly and well before sustained hypertension developed. A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal The mechanisms of homeostatic intrinsic plasticity depend on the abundance and spatial distribution of voltage-gated ion channels (Na+,K+ and Ca2+ channels) at the plasma membrane, and on their biophysical characteristics. Moreover, except the third trimester (Mulkey and du Plessis, 2018, 2019), literature usually lacks an analysis of potential critical windows in the perinatal period that may give information about ANS development. 230, 376388. Infect. A., Parisi, V. M., and Creasy, R. K. (1989). doi: 10.1038/pr.2016.155, Bautista, L., and George, R. B. 1994 Jan;73(1):39-44. The 1st stage of labor does not always occur naturally and without complications: consequently, there may be an artificial intervention that causes the induction of labor to increase uterine contractions. Thail. Indeed, through lanugo, the flow of amniotic fluid and FMs stimulate the low-threshold unmyelinated C afferent fibers (Bystrova, 2009), which have been found to be essential for both nociception and interoception. Reprod. Neuropharmacology 51, 6066. Moreover, it seems that monitoring FMs could contribute to creating a primitive maternalchild bonding, even before birth (Flenady et al., 2019).

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which intrinsic homeostatic response is the fetus demonstrating